Parkinson's Disease Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment

 Parkinson's Disease 

Definition: Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorderthat primarily affects movement. lt occurs when dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra (a part of the brain) gradually die.

Causes of Parkinson's Disease:

1. ldiopathic (most common - unknown origin)

2. Genetic mutations (e.g., LRRK2, PARK7 PINK1, SNCA genes)

3. Environmental factors:

 👉 Exposure to pesticides or herbicides

 👉 Rural living

 👉Well water consumption

4. Brain injuries (less common cause)

5. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction (cell damage theories)

Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease:

Motor Symptoms (Core Symptoms):

• Tremor at rest (usually starts in one hand)

• Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)

• Rigidity (muscle stiffness)

• Postural instability (balance problems)

Non-Motor Symptoms:

• Depression and anxiety

• Constipation

• Sleep disturbances

• Loss of smell (anosmia)

• Cognitive changes or dementia (in late stages)

• Speech and swallowing difficulties

Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease:

There's no definitive test. Diagnosis is mainly clinical:

1. Neurological examination (checking motor symptoms)

2. Medical history

3. MRI/CT scan (to rule out other conditions)

4. DaTscan (SPECT scan) - shows dopamine transporter levels

5. Levodopa challenge test - response to Parkinson's medication may support diagnosis

Treatment:

While there is no cure, symptoms can be managed with:

Medications for Parkinson's Disease:

• Levodopa + Carbidopa (most effective)

• Dopamine agonists (e.g., pramipexole, ropinirole)

• MAO-B inhibitors (e.g., selegiline, rasagiline)

• COMT inhibitors (e.g. entacapone)

• Amantadine (for dyskinesia)

Surgical:

• Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): Implanted electrodes modulate brain activity

Supportive Therapies for Parkinson's Disease

• Physical therapy

• Speech therapy

• occupational therapy

• Exercise and mobility programs