How can find a Nurse Fluid volume deficit and Fluid volume excess

 Fluid volume deficit and fluid volume excess

FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT                                

• Thready, increased pulse.                                      
• Decreased blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension.
• Flat neck and hand veins in dependent positions.
• Diminished peripheral pulses                              
• Decreased central venous pressure                      
• Dysrhythmias

RESPIRATORY

• Increased rate and depth of respirations             
• Dyspnea                                                                

NEUROMASCULAR    

• Decreased central nervous system  activity, from lethargy to coma   
• Fever, depending on the amount of fluid loss            
• Skeletal muscle weakness                                 

RENAL

• Decreased urine output                                                                                                                

INTEGUMENTARY    

• Dry skin                                                           
• Poor turgor, tenting                                          
• Dry mouth

GASTROINTESTINAL

• Decreased motility and diminished bowel sounds  
• Constipation                                                   
• Thirst                                                              
• Decreased body weight                                

LABORATORY FINDINGS

• Increased serum osmolality                          
• Increased hematocrit                                    
• Increased BUN level                                 
• Increased serum sodium level                    
• Increased urinary specific gravity   

FLUID VOLUME EXCESS

• Bounding, increased pulse rate 
• Elevated blood pressure
• Distended neck and vein
• Elevated central venous pressure
• Dysrhythmias

RESPIRATORY

• Increased  respiratory rate (shallow respirations)
• Dyspnea
• Moist crackles on auscultation

NEUROMUSCULAR

• Altered level of consciousness
• Headache
• Visual disturbance
• Skeletal muscle weakness
• Paresthesias

RENAL

• Increased urine output if kidneys can compensate: decreased urine output if kidney damage is the cause

INTEGUMENTARY

• Pitting edema in dependent area
• Pale, cool skin

GASTROINTESTINAL

• Increased motility in the gastrointestinal tract
• Diarrhoea
• Increased body weight
• Liver enlargement
• Ascites

LABORATORY FINDINGS

• Decreased serum osmolality
• Decreased hematocrit
• Decreased BUN level
• Decreased serum sodium level
• Decreased urine specific gravity